Utilization of industrial soil waste or secondary materials has encouraged in construction field for the production of cement and concrete because it contribute to reducing the consumption of natural resources. Copper slag is one of the materials that is considered as a waste which could have a promising future in construction Industry as partial or full substitute of either cement or aggregates. Many researchers have already found it possible to use copper slag as a concrete aggregate. But not much research has been carried out in India concerning durability and corrosion studies of copper slag admixed concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on various corrosion and durability tests on concrete containing copper slag as partial replacement of sand and cement. For this research work, M20 grade concrete was used and tests were conducted for various proportions of copper slag replacement with sand of 0 to 60%, cement of 0 to 20% in concrete. The obtained results were compared with those of control concrete made with ordinary Portland cement and sand.

In this project, a study was made to obtain low cost building materials using industrial wastes (welding and furnace slags). The objective of the study is to use these wastes in low-cost construction with adequate compressive strength. Different fine aggregate replacements have been studied by substituting 5%, 10%, and 15% of slag. The waste material was substituted for replacement of fine aggregates and for the preparation of concrete blocks. In this project, we have followed Indian standard methods and arrived at the mix design for M25 grade concrete. Experimental studies were conducted only on plain cement concrete. The preliminary studies were conducted by mixing the slag with the cement concrete cubes of standard sizes. The building material specimens were analyzed for compressive strength as per IS code. For the test and other specifications, it can be concluded that the welding and furnace slags can increase the strength of the concrete. The optimum compressive strength of concretes after 28 days has been found to be 41 N/mm2 for 5% welding slag and 39.7 N/mm2 for 10% furnace slag replacements. The results show that 5% of welding and 10% furnace slags replacement with sand is very effective for practical purpose.

Recently, Alkali-Activated Concrete (AAC) as an appropriate alternative to Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) has drawn considerable attention owing to its acceptable properties and less environmental impacts. The current study presents a review of previous researches on Alkali-Activated Slag Cement Concrete (AASCC). The following issues are also covered in this study: an introduction to AASCC and its constituents, environmental impacts, hydration reaction, hydration products, mechanical properties, high temperature resistance, attack resistance of acids and sulfates, water absorption, shrinkage, and its challenges in application. The results from different studies revealed a research gap to be filled. To be specific, several different parameters affect AASCC properties; however, given that its properties are still partially unexplored, more researches are needed to find out its best engineering properties.

Today, in order to reduce the harmful effects of the environment and increase the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, particles with high pozzolanic properties are used as a suitable alternative to ordinary cement in concrete. And filler, as an alternative to cement, has attracted the attention of researchers. In this laboratory study to investigate the effects of slag and nanosilica slag consumption on the microstructure of geopolymer concrete and compare it with the characteristics of control concrete containing Portland cement, 1 mixing design of control concrete and 3 mixing designs of geopolymer concrete containing 92, 96 and 100% composite kiln slag was fabricated with 0, 4 and 8% nanosilica, respectively. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was performed. In order to investigate the effect of microstructural changes on the macro structure of concrete, compressive strength and tensile strength tests were performed on concrete samples at 90 days of age. Examination of the images obtained from the SEM test shows the superiority of the microstructure of the geopolymer cement matrix in all designs, compared to the microstructure of the control concrete containing Portland cement. Celsius), the effects of improvement and cohesion in the microstructure of geopolymer concrete are evident due to the presence of silica nanoparticles, in this regard, the presence of 8% nanosilica in mixture 4 (geopolymer concrete), accelerates the reactivity process and increases the volume of hydrated gels Geopolymerization was compared to other geopolymer concrete mixtures (containing 0 and 4% nanosilica). Images of concrete samples heated to 500 ° C show signs of weakening of the concrete microstructure compared to images taken of concrete at room temperature. The results of XRF test indicate the presence of the highest amount of oxidilica and aluminum oxide (the main factors in improving the density in the microstructure of concrete), in the combination of designs 4 and 2 by 36 and 8%, respectively. The high peaks created in the XRD spectrum diagram often occur in areas with angles (θ2) of 28 °, and their height varies according to the presence of aluminosilicate particles in the concrete mix. The application of high heat to the concrete specimens caused a decrease in the results of the XRD test. Evaluations performed on the results of the test to determine the compressive strength and tensile strength in concrete, showed coordination and overlap with the results of microstructural tests in this study.

This study investigated the effect of alkaline solution-to-slag ratio on permeability of Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete (AASC). Concrete, as the most widely used building material, has an undeniably important role in development of economic and civic infrastructure. Alkali activated slag cement is an environmentally friendly alternative to Portland cement, which can be produced by using an alkaline solution to activate the binding effect of the blast furnace slag. Permeability of concrete has a direct impact on its durability, so in this study a series of tests were arranged to examine the effect of alkaline solutionto-slag ratio on water impermeability, chloride permeability, short-term and total water absorption and compressive strength of AASC specimens. In experimental study four concrete mixes with alkaline solutionto-slag ratios of 0. 4, 0. 45, 0. 50, and 0. 55 were considered. One mix made by ordinary Portland cement were also considered for comparison of results. In addition, The images taken from samples AASC and Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete (OPCC) by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the comparison of microstructure. The results showed that the alkaline solution/slag ratios of 0. 45 and 0. 50 are the optimum values for AASC production from the durability and permeability point of view.

In this study, 6 mixing designs including 1 design of control concrete containing Portland cement, 3 designs of geopolymer concrete containing 0 to 8% nanosilica and 2 designs of slag geopolymer concrete containing nanosilica and 1 and 2% of polyolefin fibers were made (Mansourghanaei et. al., 2022; Mansourghanaei et. al., 2022; Mansourghanaei et al., 2022). In line with the prepared mixing plan, 54 concrete specimens were made for impact test (each test averaged the results of 3 concrete specimens) and 24 concrete specimens were made for compressive strength test (each test averaged the results of 4 concrete specimens) which at the age of 90 Fasts were tested and evaluated. It should be noted that for SEM and XRD tests, shredded tests were used. Concrete compressive strength test was performed at room temperature and impact weight test at room temperature and temperature of 300 and 600℃. In the drop weight test, parameters such as impact energy due to initial cracking and failure, adsorbed energy and flexibility index of concrete samples were calculated and evaluated. In order to study the microstructure and verification of the results of hammer impact test, XRD and SEM tests were used on concrete samples.

Concrete is the most important consumable in constructional construction, which is increasing. Cement is used as a constituent of concrete to produce it, and on the other hand it produces 8% of the world's carbon dioxide produced. In this study, the mechanical properties and durability of concrete made with copper smelting slag, iron melt slag and metalaoleene as a substitute for cement have been investigated. A total of 384 samples were made up of 16 mixing designs with varying degrees of replacement of copper smelting slag, iron smelting, and metalaole waste. Mixing scheme According to the American ACI 211. 1 regulations and the conditions for the SSD materials, dry aggregates then cement materials after that, and finally the supernatant, were gradually added to the mixture. On the designs in a fresh state, a slump test, and in a hardened condition at the age of 7, 14, 28, and 90 days, the compressive strength was tested according to standard BS 1881 and at 28 days of pressure test in accordance with DIN 1048-5. In all designs containing pozzolan, we see a decrease in water absorption compared to a pozzolan design. In, the constant percent displacement of water under pressure is related to the designs containing metalaole and the most related to the plans containing copper smelting slag.

Heavy concrete is an excellent shielding material most widely used for radiation shielding of gamma rays. It is possible to use lead slag as a partial replacement of aggregates to increase the density of concrete shields. From an environmental point of view, substitution of natural aggregate with lead slag can saves our natural resources and land. Also, using lead slag resulted in an increase of the attenuation of gamma radiation.The main goal of the present work is to study the possibility of using lead slag extracted from recycling of the spent batteries as concrete aggregates. The mechanical properties and linear attenuation coefficients of concrete samples fabricated by using lead slag as 40 to 60 percent replacement of fine aggregates were experimentally examined. Also the effects of lead powder on setting time of cement pastes were investigated.Experimental results indicated that the partial replacement of sand by fine lead slag increases the mechanical strength of concrete. Radiation absorption tests showed also a superior absorption of gamma rays with the use of lead slag as concrete aggregate. But, Addition of lead powder significantly delays the setting time of the cement pastes.Consequently, Lead slag concrete could be preferred for construction of shields with lower cost and better capacity of radiation absorption.

Roads are one of the most important and valuable assets of countries, and remarkable amounts are spent annually to repair and restructure them. The pavements are divided into two main groups of flexible pavements (asphalt pavements) and rigid pavements (concrete pavements). In Iran, mainly used asphalt pavements, which were formerly about 90 years old. Therefore, there are many reasons why the most important of them, according to most experts, is the use of the country from abundant oil resources and low initial costs in the construction of this type of pavement. In recent years, with the entry of bitumen as one of the main components of the asphalt composition of the commodity exchange and consequently the increase in the cost of manufacturing and manufacturing asphalt, as well as the development of cement production plants in the country and the creation of carbon dioxide (CO2), a suitable platform for the development of geo-polymeric concrete pavements in competition with asphalt pavements and concrete cement has been provided. In addition to abbility of bearing and reducing the pressure caused by the vehicle wheels, the pavement layers should be durable against atmospheric and physical factors, including the natural elements of the freeze-thaw cycles, acids and sulfates. Th pavement must be able to withstand the durability and durability of the pavement and maintain its service over the lifetime specified. These destructive effects led to more attention to the optimal use of resources, pozzolanic materials, and waste. In this regard, the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag and Silica fume in various industries such as road construction and building have been considered as a solution, however, practical, accurate and effective steps have not been taken yet. This research tried to present the materials and experiments carried out and to summarize them in order to eliminate the obstacles and obtain the necessary results for the use of alkaline concrete (geo-polymeric) in the manufacture of durable concrete veneers in the pavement. The use of alkali-activated slag concrete with the replacement of Silica fume instead of silica in sodium silicate, in addition to the use of waste materials, enables the strength and durability of concrete pavement to be increased under freezing and thawing cycles, acid attacks and being sulfate. In this study, alkali-activated slag concrete with different percentages of Silica fume was studied using The experiments of compressive and bending strength, durability under freeze-thaw cycles, sulfuric acid, and magnesium sulfate attacks. The results showed that the replacement of 30% silica fume instead of silica in sodium silicate, increasing the compressive strength to 43. 8%, increasing the bending strength by 58. 9%, increased the durability under freezing and thawing cycles by 78. 2%, increasing durability against sodium sulfate to The rate of 57. 1%, increase the durability against magnesium sulfate by 54. 1%, and the reduction of pavement slab thickness by 20. 8% compared with concrete cement.